“An Irish Airman foresees his Death”
William Butler Yeats

I know that I shall meet my fate
Somewhere among the clouds above;
Those that I fight I do not hate,
Those that I guard I do not love;
My country is Kiltartan Cross,
My countrymen Kiltartan’s poor,
No likely end could bring them loss
Or leave them happier than before.
Nor law, nor duty bade me fight,
Nor public men, nor cheering crowds,
A lonely impulse of delight
Drove to this tumult in the clouds;
I balanced all, brought all to mind,
The years to come seemed waste of breath,
A waste of breath the years behind
In balance with this life, this death.
The first time I read this poem, I didn’t think it was difficult enough. The structure was basic, the words weren’t particularly grandiose, and the plot seemed pretty straightforward. I’ll be honest, I looked at other poems after this one. “An Irish Airman foresees his Death” seemed too simple to meet the assignment’s criteria.
And yet, I couldn’t stop thinking about this poem, wondering if I missed something, wondering if there was something there that I didn’t yet see. So, I went back to it.
After reading, rereading, and re-rereading this poem, I can now definitively say that “An Irish Airman foresees his Death” is difficult. However, it’s difficult in a way that I haven’t seen before. While the poems that we’ve read so far have been difficult because of their structure (Cummings), language (Donne), or sound devices (Lee), this poem was difficult because of its complexity and layered meanings. When writing the poem, Yeats hid meaning within meaning, so teasing out his intentions was challenging.
Part of the reason why I looked at this poem was that I was familiar with Yeats’ poetry. Having heard of “The Second Coming,” a famous poem wherein Yeats describes the utter destruction that humanity wrought on the world during WWI, I originally assumed that “An Irish Airman…” was another anti-war poem set during World War I.
Let me take you through my process when reading this poem.
Step 1: Structure
As we’ve been using the reading journal, I’ve made it a priority to try to notice the structure of poetry. In the past, I never really thought about structure — I just dove in and started reading — but I’ve been trying to slow down to notice these details. And so, I started by reading the poem aloud, and I was soon struck with just how rhythmic the poem was. My voice, slow at first, soon quickened over time as I got used to how the poem sounded. The words that Yeats used were simple — most of them only had one syllable. The poem was roughly divided into four sections, each of which had an ABAB rhyme scheme. In addition, each line had exactly eight syllables. An effect of this rigid structure is that the poem seemed to roll off the tongue, building up a feeling of anticipation or exhilaration as the reader races to the end. As I read “Those that I fight I do not hate,/Those that I guard I do not love,” the simple one-syllable words and the parallel structure in the lines made me speed up, building a feeling of expectation. There was a clear rhythm, a clear sense that every word was intentionally chosen.
Step 2: Plot
After reading it aloud, I went through the poem again, this time trying to take note of the plot. I’ll be honest: I had a lot of questions.
The first section introduces the speaker who knows that he “shall meet [his] fate.” I was at first really confused about what that meant, but after looking back at the title (“An Irish Airman foresees his Death”), I started to piece it together. The speaker is probably a soldier in the air force, and the “fate” he is talking about is probably that he will die. Strangely, however, he doesn’t seem to care about the war itself: he “do[es] not hate” his enemies and “do[es] not love” the people he protects. If he doesn’t feel attached to the war, why would he be willing to die? Why does he seem so nonchalant about dying?
Next, the speaker defines himself as a citizen of “Kiltartan Cross.” This, I thought, was confusing — I thought that the speaker was Irish! Maybe Kiltartan Cross is a small town in Ireland, and the speaker identifies himself with just the city? It’s strange, however, that he defines himself by his little town while fighting in a war for a huge country. I’m sure that this presents an inherent conflict for the speaker — if you don’t see yourself as a citizen of a country, why would you be fighting for that country? The next line was even more confusing: “My countrymen Kiltartan’s poor.” This means that the speaker defines himself even more specifically — he is a poor person. He doesn’t seem to be complaining about this, though; rather, he seems to proudly identify as a member of the poor.
Soon, I noticed a shift: suddenly, the speaker begins to discuss why he is here, the circumstances that led to him being in the sky. In the third “quatrain,” the speaker discusses how he wasn’t obligated by “law” or by “cheering crowds,” but he just felt “A lonely impulse of delight” when he was flying. I’ll be honest — I would never fight in a war simply because I was bored. Why would the speaker do that?
In a poignant conclusion, the speaker reveals that his future is a “waste of breath.” Through repetition, he shows that his past is “A waste of breath” as well. “In balance with this” meaningless “life,” the speaker notes, his “death” will also be meaningless. I noticed that Yeats repeated the word “balance.” Given that the speaker’s life seems pretty despairing (he’s “poor” and is entirely at peace with the fact that he will die), I wondered why Yeats would specifically choose to use the word “balance” twice. After all, I would think that the speaker’s life is unbalanced.
Step 3: Synthesis (part 1)
After synthesizing my thoughts about the plot of the poem, I thought I understood the meaning— Yeats is making a stinging criticism of war, describing it as pointless. As he presents a speaker that is entirely indifferent about the outcome of the war (lines 3-4), who doesn’t feel any attachment to his country’s government (5-6), and who nonetheless is sacrificing his life for that war (1), Yeats is indicting governments that drag their citizens to fight in wars that do not affect them at all, wars that do not have any significance for the lives of everyday people. Thus, Yeats is criticizing his government for fighting in WWI. I was pretty proud of myself; the job was complete.
Step 4: Self-Questioning
But then, as I was considering whether to choose a more difficult poem, I looked at the title again: “An Irish Airman foresees his Death.” I thought about why Yeats specifically chose to make his speaker Irish during WWI. While my European history knowledge is limited, I do know that Ireland wasn’t a country during World War I; it was a British colony. This detail, I thought, must be important. I had to read the poem again.
Step 5: Rereading
I reread the poem, this time interpreting it through the lens of Irish identity. Suddenly, the poem made even more sense, had even more significance.
As Yeats describes the indifferent Irishman, he is describing a soldier who must wear a British uniform. However, when I read the line “Those that I guard I do not love,” I realized that the speaker feels no attachment to Brits because he is Irish, because he does not have any connection with the government that oppresses his people. When the speaker defines himself as a citizen of “Kiltartan Cross,” therefore, he is implying that he does not feel any allegiance to the British Crown, as he is more attached to his little town than to the country whose flag he wears.
The second “quatrain” then takes on a whole new layer of meaning when approaching the poem through an anti-colonial lens — when the speaker describes how his fellow Irishmen will neither face “loss” nor feel “happier” at the war’s conclusion, perhaps he is criticizing the British regime, who send Irishmen to fight in their wars without addressing the real needs of the Irish people. After all, Britain isn’t doing anything to help “Kiltartan’s poor,” who will still be poor at the war’s end (no outcome would “leave them happier than before”); the Irish will still be downtrodden and oppressed no matter what happens with the war.
After the shift, when the speaker describes the circumstances that led him to fight, an anti-British framework for analysis reveals a deep-set feeling of discontent under the British occupation. Being Irish under British rule means to live without meaning — to live with unsolved problems (lines 7-8), to have no prospects (14-15), to live in malaise. This is why the frivolous “impulse of delight” that the speaker gains from flying is worth dying for — because his life was meaningless on the ground. As the speaker discusses “balanc[ing] all” and realizing that his future and past are both a “waste of breath,” Yeats shows that the general Irish public is discontent with British colonialism, is suffering a painful emotional toll under British rule.
Step 6: Synthesis (part 2)
Thus, Yeats’ “An Irish Airman foresees his Death” is a difficult poem. While, yes, Yeats is criticizing involvement in World War I, a war that he views as pointless, he simultaneously makes a veiled argument for Irish nationalism. Yeats calls into question the relationship between Britain and Ireland that demands Irishmen being sent to their death to fight British wars. Yeats argues that British colonialism has not solved any Irish problems, and instead has merely brought dissatisfaction and disheartenment to ordinary Irish citizens.
Conclusion
The difficulty in this poem lies not with the language that Yeats uses (the language is quite simplistic) nor with the structure (surprisingly, the structure is basic). Rather, the difficulty comes from the meaning behind the meaning — Yeats expects his reader to spend time with the piece, to read and reread, to consider what the poem is saying about multiple subjects. A cursory reading of the poem tells the story of a depressed airman; a deeper analysis reveals a passionate anti-war argument and a stinging criticism of British imperialism.